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Marcelo Pablo Chartier Csar Mario Rostagno Fidel Alejandro Roig 《Geomorphology》2009,106(3-4):344-351
Soil erosion is an important process of land degradation in many rangelands and a significant driver of desertification in the world's drylands. Dendrogeomorphology is an alternative to traditional methods for determining soil erosion rate. Specifically, the vertical distance between the upper portion of exposed roots and the actual soil surface can be used as a bioindicator of erosion since plant establishment. In this study, we determined (i) the soil erosion rate from exposed roots of the dwarf shrub Margyricarpus pinnatus [Lam.] Kuntze in two ecological sites in the northeastern rangelands of Patagonia and (ii) the relationship between shrub age and upper root diameter. We selected two ecological sites, a pediment-like plateau and a flank pediment, where the dominant soils were Xeric Haplocalcids and Xeric Calciargids, respectively. The soil erosion rates in the pediment-like plateau and in the flank pediment were 2.4 and 3.1 mm yr− 1, respectively. Data clearly indicate a high rate of soil erosion during the mean 8-year life span of the dwarf shrubs in degraded patches, which represent ~ 10% of surface cover in the study area. Simple linear regression analysis yielded a highly significant predictive model for age estimation of M. pinnatus plants using the upper root diameter as a predictor variable. The measurement of ground lowering against datable exposed roots represents a simple method for the determination of soil erosion rates. In combination with other soil surface features, it was used to infer the episodic nature of soil erosion. This approach could be particularly useful for monitoring the effects of land management practices on recent soil erosion and for the establishment of records in regions where historical data regarding this process are scarce or absent. 相似文献
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Geochemical changes across the Ordovician-Silurian transition on the Yangtze Platform,South China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The trace element and rare earth element (REE) variations across the Ordovician-Silurian succession are presented from two
outcrop sections on the Yangtze Platform: the Nanbazi section, Guizhou Province, deposited in a shallow platform interior
setting, and the Wangjiawan section, Hubei Province, deposited in a deeper basinal environment. Geochemical analysis of closely
spaced samples through three intervals, the Wufeng, Guanyinqiao and Longmaxi, revealed vast palaeoceanographic changes. Some
geochemical proxies, including Th/U, Ni/Co, V/Cr, and V/(V+Ni) ratios, together with sedimentary facies and biotic data, indicate
that an anoxic condition on the most of the Yangtze Platform during the Wufeng and Longmaxi intervals, but an oxic condition
during the Guanyinqiao time. The shift of the anoxic to the oxic environment during the Guanyinqiao time coincided with a
global sea-level lowstand, in parallel with the global glaciation. The Longmaxian anoxic environment was a result of a global
sea-level rise, which may be synchronized with a mainly catastrophic event in the latest Ordovician. Although the two sections
generally show similar variation patterns of trace and REE concentrations and some element ratios, a minor difference occurs
between the Wangjiawan and Nanbazi sections, likely reflecting a difference in depositional setting during the accumulation.
Such an oceanic oxygen-level variation may add a useful constraint to the current arguments on the cause and consequence of
the latest Ordovician mass extinction.
Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422101) 相似文献
34.
V. A. Lutskii 《Seismic Instruments》2009,45(1):69-74
The results of determining the relative number of recorded oscillograms for acoustic event intensities of up to 400 1/s in the four-channel Aline32D system for acoustic data reception and processing are presented. Since the internal characteristics of a computer determining the data processing performance are not always available, this problem is solved experimentally. Recommendations concerning the determined working parameters of the Aline32D system are given. This work may be used for the solution of geophysical applied problems. 相似文献
35.
F. Kober S. Ivy‐Ochs G. Zeilinger F. Schlunegger P. W. Kubik H. Baur R. Wieler 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(3):398-412
Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) concentrations measured in river sediments can be used to estimate catchment‐wide denudation rates. By investigating multiple TCN the steadiness of sediment generation, transport and depositional processes can be tested. Measurements of 10Be, 21Ne and 26Al from the hyper‐ to semi‐arid Rio Lluta catchment, northern Chile, yield average single denudation rates ranging from 12 to 75 m Myr–1 throughout the catchment. Paired nuclide analysis reveals complex exposure histories for most of the samples and thus the single nuclide estimates do not exclusively represent catchment‐wide denudation rates. The lower range of single nuclide denudation rates (12–17 m Myr–1), established with the noble gas 21Ne, is in accordance with palaeodenudation rates derived from 21Ne/10Be and 26Al/10Be ratio analysis. Since this denudation rate range is measured throughout the system, it is suggested that a headwater signal is transported downstream but modulated by a complex admixture of sediment that has been stored and buried at proximal hillslope or terrace deposits, which are released during high discharge events. That is best evidenced by the stable nuclide 21Ne, which preserves the nuclide concentration even during storage intervals. The catchment‐wide single 21Ne denudation rates and the palaeodenuation rates contrast with previous TCN‐derived erosion rates from bedrock exposures at hillslope interfluves by being at least one order of magnitude higher, especially in the lower river course. These results support earlier studies that identified a coupling of erosional processes in the Western Cordillera contrasting with decoupled processes in the Western Escarpment and in the Coastal Cordillera. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
Reconstructed light extinction coefficients using chemical compositions of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in winter in Urban Guangzhou,China 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The objective of this study was to reconstruct light extinction coefficients (b ext ) according to chemical composition components of particulate matter up to 2.5 μm in size (PM 2.5 ). PM 2.5 samples were collected at the monitoring station of the South China of Institute of Environmental Science (SCIES, Guangzhou, China) during January 2010, and the online absorbing and scattering coefficients were obtained using an aethalometer and a nephelometer. The measured values of light absorption coefficient by particle (b ap ) and light scattering coefficient by particle (b sp ) significantly correlated (R 2 > 0.95) with values of b ap and b sp that were reconstructed using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) formula when RH was <70%. The measured b ext had a good correlation (R 2 > 0.83) with the calculated b ext under ambient RH conditions. The result of source apportionment of b ext showed that ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] was the largest contributor (35.0%) to b ext , followed by ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 , 22.9%), organic matter (16.1%), elemental carbon (11.8%), sea salt (4.7%), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 , 9.6%). To improve visibility in Guangzhou, the effective control of secondary particles like sulfates, nitrates, and ammonia should be given more attention in urban environmental management. 相似文献
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Very slow erosion rates and landscape preservation across the southwestern slope of the Ladakh Range,India 下载免费PDF全文
Craig Dietsch Jason M. Dortch Scott A. Reynhout Lewis A. Owen Marc W. Caffee 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(3):389-402
Erosion rates are key to quantifying the timescales over which different topographic and geomorphic domains develop in mountain landscapes. Geomorphic and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) methods were used to determine erosion rates of the arid, tectonically quiescent Ladakh Range, northern India. Five different geomorphic domains are identified and erosion rates are determined for three of the domains using TCN 10Be concentrations. Along the range divide between 5600 and 5700 m above sea level (asl), bedrock tors in the periglacial domain are eroding at 5.0 ± 0.5 to 13.1 ± 1.2 meters per million years (m/m.y.)., principally by frost shattering. At lower elevation in the unglaciated domain, erosion rates for tributary catchments vary between 0.8 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.3 m/m.y. Bedrock along interfluvial ridge crests between 3900 and 5100 m asl that separate these tributary catchments yield erosion rates <0.7 ± 0.1 m/m.y. and the dominant form of bedrock erosion is chemical weathering and grusification. Erosion rates are fastest where glaciers conditioned hillslopes above 5100 m asl by over‐steepening slopes and glacial debris is being evacuated by the fluvial network. For range divide tors, the long‐term duration of the erosion rate is considered to be 40–120 ky. By evaluating measured 10Be concentrations in tors along a model 10Be production curve, an average of ~24 cm is lost instantaneously every ~40 ky. Small (<4 km2) unglaciated tributary catchments and their interfluve bedrock have received very little precipitation since ~300 ka and the long‐term duration of their erosion rates is 300–750 ky and >850 ky, respectively. These results highlight the persistence of very slow erosion in different geomorphic domains across the southwestern slope of the Ladakh Range, which on the scale of the orogen records spatial changes in the locus of deformation and the development of an orogenic rain shadow north of the Greater Himalaya. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
40.
利用卫星观测的气溶胶光学厚度资料和模式模拟数据,与地面颗粒物观测资料结合,探讨近地面颗粒物质量浓度的估算方法。具体包括:利用区域气侯模式RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模拟的边界层高度对气溶胶光学厚度进行垂直订正,获得近地面颗粒物消光系数;利用模式模拟的相对湿度和颗粒物吸湿增长经验模型对消光系数进行湿度订正,获得近地面颗粒物干消光系数;并基于干消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度地面站点资料建立的统计关系估算获得每个像元的颗粒物质量浓度。利用地面站点观测的颗粒物浓度资料验证表明,基于卫星资料可以获得近地面颗粒物质量浓度,而且细颗粒物质量浓度具有更好的估算精度。 相似文献